Animals as performers or exhibits: A study of their relevance to Portuguese, Spanish, and Greek pre-service teachers.

This study involves Portuguese, Spanish and Greek pre-service primary teachers (n = 210) and pre-service kindergarten teachers (n = 195) and identifies through a questionnaire a) their personal opinions and b) perception of the didactic value of eight performances with live animals. The results were compared by course among countries and between courses in the same country. Globally, the pre-service teachers neither showed a great personal interest, nor recognized great didactic relevance in these shows. Pre-kindergarten teachers from Portugal and Spain tend to value them more positively as a way to bring children closer to animals. Shows with aquatic mammals received the greatest appreciation in both dimensions, especially in the Greek sample; birds of prey shows were valued more by the Iberian participants. Violent shows, such as fighting animals and bullfighting, were very negatively viewed. Shows with pets and birds of prey were viewed frequently as more detrimental to animals than they are. The results show that a better understanding of the impact of each show on animals is needed, if pre-service teachers are to make informed decisions in their professional future.

Heparan sulfate in human cutaneous Meissner's and Pacinian corpuscles.

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are pericellular/cell surface molecules involved in somatosensory axon guidance in the peripheral nervous system. However, the distribution of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix of human cutaneous sensory corpuscles is unknown. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assays were performed to define the localization of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in human cutaneous Meissner's and Pacinian corpuscles using two anti-heparan sulfate antibodies together with anti-S100 protein, anti-PGP9.5, anti-CD34 (to immunolabel basement membranes, Schwann cells, axon and the intermediate endoneurial layer of Pacinian corpuscles, respectively), anti-Type IV collagen, and anti-chondroitin sulfate antibodies. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans were colocalized with Type IV collagen in Meissner's corpuscles and were located in the outer core lamellae and capsule, but not in the inner core or the intermediate layer, in Pacinian corpuscles. Chondroitin sulfate was observed in the intermediate layer of Pacinian corpuscles but was never colocalized with heparan sulfate proteoglycans. The present results strongly suggest that heparan sulfate proteoglycans are associated with the basement membranes of the lamellar cells in Meissner's corpuscles and with the complex outer core capsule in Pacinian corpuscles. The functional significance of these results, if any, remains to be elucidated.

Epithelial resealing.

Epithelia have the essential role of acting as a barrier which protects living organisms and its organs from the surrounding milieu. Therefore, it is crucial for epithelial tissues to have robust ways of maintaining its integrity despite the frequent damage caused by injury, inflammation and normal cell turnover. All epithelia have some capacity to repair themselves. However, the wound-healing process differs dramatically between the developmental stage and the type of tissue involved. In this review, we will not analyse all aspects of wound healing; instead we will focus on the capacity which several simple epithelial tissues have to reseal small discontinuities very rapidly and efficiently, a process that we call epithelial resealing. We will start by describing the initial experiments which demonstrated the existence of a purse string mechanism to repair embryonic wounds and we will compare this mechanism with embryonic morphogenetic movements which resolve epithelial discontinuities that arise during the normal course of development. We will then discuss other contexts in which epithelia resealing occurs, both in cell culture systems and in adult tissues, and which suggest that at least some of the mechanisms that regulate epithelial resealing may be conserved, acting in several types of simple epithelia, both in embryos and in adults, and across species.

Effect of toluene and nutritional status on serotonin, lipid peroxidation levels and NA+/K+-ATPase in adult rat brain.

The aim was to evaluate the effect of toluene and nutritional status on levels of serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), Na+/K+-ATPase, total ATPase and lipid peroxidation (TBARS) in rat brain. Study was conducted with malnourished (MN), well-nourished (WN) and normal Wistar rats. Three groups were formed for each nutritional status: control group I received 0.9% NaCl; toluene (1 g/kg) was administered to group II, and 1.5 g/kg to group III. Levels of 5-HT decreased (P < 0.05) in WN toluene groups, and 5-HTP decreased (P < 0.05) in the WN 1 g toluene and MN 1.5 g toluene groups. TBARS decreased (P < 0.05) in WN toluene groups. A trend to increase in Na+/K+-ATPase was found in WN and MN toluene groups, while total ATPase increased (P < 0.05) in the WN 1.5 g toluene group. The results suggest that high concentrations of toluene in single doses induce significant changes in the serotonergic system and alter membrane fluidity more perceptibly in the brain of adult animals with regular diet than in malnourished animals.